A Character Study Of Patrick Bateman Essay

This character study centers around is Patrick Bateman, the screw-up hero of â€Å"American Psycho†, a frequently misconstrued parody of the high society American way of life by Bret Easton Ellis. The book is set in New York during the 1980s, and let the peruser see through the eyes of the hero himself by utilizing first account. Along these lines when perusing the novel it feels as though one is perusing a journal, despite the fact that there are no severe time spans between every section. The storyline is extremely basic. The epic portrays the regular day to day existence of Patrick Bateman with consistently detail. We are placed directly into a common scene of Bateman’s life immediately toward the beginning when we see him and his companions at an opulent evening gathering. Quickly we get the possibility that he is rich and carries on with his life in style. The nourishments at the evening gathering are intriguing and Bateman couldn’t help continue flaunting his â€Å"platinum American Express Card†. Like his companions, he wants to ridicule vagrants and those less lucky than him. One of his preferred stunts is to imagine giving a dollar note to a poor person and afterward removing it in the last second while taking delight from the failure of his casualty. He likewise has some great characteristics. For instance, he is amazingly shrewd and shows sicken in separation of any sort, given that those individuals are on the equivalent â€Å"level† as him. He even criticized a partner for his enemy of Semitic remarks. Anyway these great characteristics are really a fai ade, concealing his actual character. As opposed to what shows up, he is unequivocally homophobic, bigot, hostile to Semitic and out of line to ladies. This can be shown by his assessment of rap music, portraying it as â€Å"too niggerish†. His perspectives on ladies were â€Å"they are just there to assist men with carrying on the human race†. Patrick Bateman is likewise very wellbeing cognizant. Aside from an intermittent stogie, he doesn't smoke and despises other people who do. He likewise forces a severe sound nourishments system on himself. His system is fairly like a vegan’s. He eats for the most part products of the soil never meat, with an exceptional accentuation on outlandish nourishments. His top picks incorporate kiwi natural product glue and Japanese apple-pears, costing him an excessive sum for each. To supplement his dietary system, Bateman every now and again uses his restrictive, private wellbeing community named Xclusive. Moreover, he utilizes a wide scope of human services items and prescriptions. These are really Ellis’ distortion of what occurs, all things considered, where the social elites urgently attempt and keep themselves solid, with any methods conceivable. During the day Bateman can be viewed as a typical high society individual, yet during the night things are totally unique. At the point when gotten some information about what he does during the night, he answers â€Å"I need to restore some video tapes†. This has become the doublespeak of his evening time exercises. Around evening time, he entertains himself with killing blameless people and assaulting appalling people. Now and again the stun of doing these things gets to him, and he begins to have alarm assaults. It’s during these fits of anxiety we see actually how frail he is. He regularly admits his wrongdoings to add up to outsiders. Anyway they generally disregard him and think it’s a joke. This, joined with how characters in the book frequently confuses one individual with another, is Ellis’ method of speaking to how in the advanced world we don’t truly care about who we are conversing with. One thing that can't be disregarded about the novel is the means by which express it is. Assaults, murders and peculiar activities are portrayed with nothing forgot about. For instance, in one of the scenes Patrick Bateman drinks his own pee and in another scene, he removes the eyes of a vagrant. To give you a thought of what the language resembles, here’s a concentrate from the book: â€Å"I drive the serrated cutting edge into its [a dog’s] stomach and rapidly cut open its bald paunch in a spurt of earthy colored blood, its legs kicking and mauling at me, at that point blue and red digestion tracts swell out and I drop the pooch onto the sidewalk†¦. He [the owner] simply gaze with sickening apprehension saying ‘oh my god goodness my god’ as the sharpei hauls itself around, its tail swaying, screeching, and it begins licking and sniffing the heap of its own digestive organs, spilled out in a hill on the walkway, some despite everything associated with its stomach. † From this you can perceive how graphical the book is. Lamentably this is just a little bit of the entire story and this concentrate is the most feeble regarding disdain in the book. This essentially implements how deranged and insane Patrick Bateman is. The incongruity of the novel is that Bateman does totally different things while demanding what he does is in every case right. For instance, he frequently taunts his partners for offering biased remarks, yet he is furtively similarly as prejudicial. While he freakishly keeps himself fit and solid, he manhandles cocaine and antidepressants. This is the center of Ellis’ parody, where he ridicules the high society, which demands their flawlessness however really is oblivious on how defective they are. Additionally in the novel Bateman devotes a solitary section in addition to numerous pieces of different parts itemizing his material riches. Likewise he indefatigably thinks about his effects to those of another person. In reality in one scene he found that another person’s business card was of a superior quality and plan than his and accordingly began to have exceptional desire for that individual. This can be deciphered as Ellis’ parody coordinated at the eagerness of people and our frantic battle to have the best of everything. After he submits his last homicide, Bateman doesn't feel better and â€Å"high† as he portrayed it. Rather, he feels nothing. Not in any event, murdering can fulfill him now. It is bewildering how he was never associated with any of the various homicides he submitted. Toward the end we find that he may have envisioned every one of his demonstrations of monstrosity. This intentional equivocalness is the main leniency Ellis has for this genuinely detestable character. In spite of this, I feel sorry for Patrick Bateman, for he attempted to discover joy, similar to we as a whole do however in different manners, and neglecting to do as such. At long last, he is left â€Å"hollow† with no feeling left at all. It’s miserable how one can turn out to be intellectually unhinged on one’s mission for individual addition.

Life Styles Inventory Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ways of life Inventory - Case Study Example On a basic assessment of myself, I discover the idea of intensity overwhelming other reasoning styles. Once in a while, I overpowered with the longing to control activities and be in control. Be that as it may, this has consistently represented various difficulties on my capacity to give bearings as a chief. Force has made a verifiable expert in the association. The connection among me and my workers has been weakened and a feeling of individual power and responsibility at the division level has been lost. It has disheartened decentralization leaving me with the massive obligation of ever settling on every single choice in the association. Be that as it may, in logical inconsistency to the depictions of this deduction style as appeared in the way of life stock, I have never seen the attribute of compulsion and terrorizing in me. Frequently, I approach my workers with deference and tune in to their conclusions with a receptive outlook despite the fact that the majority of them don't c are for taking part in the dynamic procedure. Once more, rather than the outcomes portrayal, I am normally quiet and open minded with my workers as long as the activity is done as it should be. As my outcomes would have it, my back-up speculation style is shirking. This scale quantifies my propensity to utilize protective procedures of withdrawal (Humphrey 229). This seems, by all accounts, to be another verifiable truth however there could be a couple of varieties. By and by, I accept that issues are a piece of life and the superior technique for unraveling issues isn't by fleeing from them. I can do whatever all that's needed is to have the issue unraveled. It doesn't make a difference how much hazard is included. As certain researchers would said, there is nobody most ideal method of accomplishing something. Essentially, I don't depend on a solitary method of handling my concern of pick the most effortless way out, rather, I investigate more on different roads that permits me to have my concern illuminated. This fortifies my capacity to satisfy my job as a pioneer and an executive in the association Avoidance, as a reasoning style has caused me to turn out to be progressively successful in my activity as an administrator. Ordinarily, the act of the executives is typically confronted with bunches of difficulties, yet my capacity to take care of issues has consistently observed me through the intense clusters in the executives practice. Nonetheless, blemishes are a piece of people and I don't accept that I must be directly consistently. In this way, I contrast with the depiction gave in the way of life stock that individuals with this reasoning style indicate to consistently be correct. I like being rectified when I commit an error and tolerating risk because of my botches. Then again, my way of life stock outcomes show low execution on my humanistic-consolation thinking style. This scale gauges my enthusiasm to individuals and capacity to think about others (Humphrey 230). Despite the fact that this was not the most minimal execution recorded, humanistic commitment is a significant style in the act of the board. As an administrator, I should be worried about my workers and cause them to trust in themselves. They ought to likewise welcome themselves for what their identity is and be happy with what they have. The absence of humanistic-consolation in me bargains my capacity as an administrator since a director should tune in and thinking about workers. Nearness of this characteristic in me may improve administrator worker relationship and this has consistently demonstrated to be one method of propelling representatives. Intriguingly, something I ought to improve my humanistic-enc

Look as good you will not

Look as good you will not DID YOU KNOW? The Tick was created as a mascot for the newsletter of a comics shop in Boston. In my daily perusal of Wikipedia I came across STARKILLER: The Jedi Bendu Script site, which purports to. Now, hopefully its not just some well-known internet hoax that Ive been taken in by, like Bonsai Kittens. But I really cant imagine why somebody would want to fabricate really bad, fake narratives loosely based on the characters in Star Wars, so Im assuming that theyre genuine. And since, hey, this is an MIT blog, I figured that my general readership would be nerdy enough to appreciate it. Not that everybody at MIT is a Star Wars fan. I know some people who havent seen any of the films at all. According to my archives, Nicola 07 rented the entire trilogy from our dorm last year (Burton-Conner has a free rental movie collection) to brush up on the plot of the original trilogy before seeing MTGs fall production of Star Wars: Musical Edition. But, yes, Revenge of the Sith did come on during finals week and we did get into a heated debate about the and the relative power levels of various Jedi. My own position was that if Darth Sidious were really that much stronger than Mace Windu, he would not have had expended so much energy in holding him back that he turned his forehead into a butt. Jeremy 09 argued that Sidious was only pretending to be weak to lure Anakin to the dark side, but really, couldnt he have done that without turning his forehead into a butt? Anyway, when you start to look at George Lucass original scripts, you start to understand how the prequel trilogy could have turned out the way it did. The five drafts leading up to A New Hope show a vast improement in quality, suggesting that Episodes I, II, and III just could have benefitted from a little revision to remove. For example, take this original introduction to Darth Vader: Vader raises his arm and as a sudden pain grips Leia, she doubles up unable to continue. Vader raises his arm and a flask on the table mysteriously jumps into his open hand. He casually drinks from the flask. I understand that its just a device to show Vaders command of the Force, but I imagine casually drinking from a flask is one of the less threatening activities Darth Vader can engage in. But even better is this Woody Allenesque dialogue upon the introduction of Ben Kenobi. BEN: Good morning! LUKE: What do you mean, good morning? Do you mean that it is a good morning for you, or do you wish me a good morning, although it is obvious Im not having one, or do you find that mornings in general are good? BEN: All of them altogether. Maybe if that had been left in, they wouldnt have lost Best Picture to Annie Hall. But these are just from the third draft of the script, when they had the plot pretty much in place (except that it involved something about Obi-Wan searching for a Kiber crystal to amplify his Force powers). Just seven months before that, the plot involved Owen, Beru, Biggs, Windy, Luke, and Leia Starkiller all living together on the desert planet of Utapau and Luke receiving this message from his older brother Deak: DEAKS IMAGE: Whippersnapper, I didnt make itIm sorry. The forces of the Bogan have become strong and deadlyI am lost. Father is in grave danger. He needs you and he needs the KIBER CRYSTAL. You must find a way to get to Ogana Major on your own. He is waiting for you there. Be careful, though. Ogana Major is under siege by the Imperial Legions of Alderaan. You must hurry for the force of the Ashla grows weak, and I dont know how much longer father can hold out. The enemy has constructed a powerful weapon to use against him. Warn Uncle forget Obi-Wan, but they do eventually come in contact with Lukes father, The Starkiller, who uses the Force (and the Kiber crystal) to hold off evil influence just long enough for Luke to hit the famous exhaust port with his photon torpedoes. Its hard to believe that things turned out so incredibly well just two years later. But even after making A New Hope and Return of the Jedi, Lucass original conception for Return of the Jedi was not quite the Ewok extravaganza that were all used to. The climax involved Lando fighting two Death stars orbiting the imperial capital planet (actually, that would have been pretty cool), but also featured the sudden resurrection of Obi-Wan Kenobi. And how to explain this unlikely event? LUKE: Ben Slowly, the hooded figure looks up, revealing his face. It is Ben Kenobi in the flesh. BEN: I could no longer stay in the netherworld. LUKE: But Yoda said BEN: that I would become one with the Force and choose not to return to the material world? That your anger prevented me from LUKE: But Im not angry not anymore I understand why you didnt tell me about my father. I do. BEN: I know. And I am here to help you destroy the Emperor, and your father. But Vader turns out to be old and weak in his battle with Obi-Wan, so the Emperor jumps in to take care of it with his force lightning. Luckily, Luke has an ace up his sleeve The Emperor turns his back on Vader and faces the old Jedi, raising his hands in the air, which causes lightning to strike at Ben. LUKE: BEN, NO! Luke leaps in front of his mentor, and raises his hand in defense. The bolts are deflected by an invisible shield. Wherever a bolt hits, the image of Yoda momentarily appears at the point of impact. Now, granted that you cant really get everything out of a movie by reading its scripts, and some lines that might look dumb on paper, like, say, Into the garbage chute, flyboy! were brought to the life by the incomparable acting of Carrie Fisher. But, really, after reading stuff like this, its easier to see how George got ideas like Hey, Ill have R2-D2 spray out an oil slick and then set these guards on fire with his jet propulsion. or Nobody remembers that dumb old line from Return of the Jedi anyway, lets just have Padme die in childbirth. or Yoda fighting would be SO COOL! or I dont like sand is just too great of a piece of dialogue to pass up. or Ive got it! Jar Jar Binks! Pictures from Belgium later this week.

Strength in Diversity Essay - 670 Words

The idea of multiculturalism in our schools is not a new one. School districts all over our country have been teaching some sort of multiculturalism in the classroom for quite some time now. However, as a student, I have always seen any study of multiculturalism as an add-on. We had Black History Month, Spanish Heritage Day, and a Chinese New Year celebration. These activities often required some sort of project work. I had felt that sometimes the celebration of these ethnic holidays did not really provide a true learning experience. We were not really provided with the historical and cultural significance of the events. nbsp; Recently, however, in good part because of International Education I have seen a great deal of†¦show more content†¦nbsp; By the year 2020, one half of all students in the United States will be people of color. It is extremely important that our schools continue to understand and make positive adjustments in their classrooms that will encourage students of my generation, regardless of ethnic or cultural group, to develop our multi-faceted talents to the fullest. We have to become a generation of young people who will not only recognize and understand the new face of our country , but also a generation that will celebrate our diversity and will become empowered by our differences. nbsp; International Education Week has helped the educational community of teachers, students, and parents understand that we are no longer a nation of homogeneous citizens who will all learn and act in the same way. The information and values exposed by International Education has helped us to become a nation that can view diversity as a resource instead of some sort of threat to the American Way of life. International Education has provided assistance in the use of the classroom to examine the perspectives, experiences, and values of all ethnic and cultural groups. Students have been encouraged to read, think, and live in a multicultural world. Informed students have been rescued from the constraints of cultural tunnel vision and need no longer afraid to cross and explore cultural borders. nbsp; International Education has provided an avenue forShow MoreRelatedDiversity Is Considered A Defining Strength For The Workforce1126 Words   |  5 PagesDiversity is considered a defining strength for the workforce and an essential element in accomplishing the various missions that reflects the nations or community that we serve. Ensuring a diverse and inclusive workforce enables the department or agency to be more responsive to the public it serves and offers every individual an equal chance to attain his or her professional goals. A diverse workforce contributes fresh ideas and offers unique perspective which is vital in achieving the desiredRead MoreThe Strengths And Development Of The Center For Biological Diversity835 Words   |  4 Pagesthey face. At the Center for Biological Diversity there are nine board members responsible with this duty. With the recent growth of the Center at large and changes in the organization’s direction, there is a need to evaluate the boa rd and its strengths and weaknesses. Aside from the responsibility to oversee, a board must also be willing to accept liability. The Center takes on a radical approach when it comes to fulfilling its mission of protecting diversity. 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The workforce is becoming more diverse throughout the years, and HRM needs to figure out how to manage the diversity. If diversity is not managed correctly, HRM can face negative media and potential lawsuits. Diversity impacts HRM because if it is managed correctly, it can prove to be the strength of a company and if managedRead MoreKnowing And Serving Diverse Families Essay1504 Words   |  7 Pagessuggestions for fostering cultural appreciation and sensitivity. The strength of the textbook is that it is easy to read and understand, and it offers realistic, common sense strategies to those of us seeking to get a better understanding about diversity. The material in the book encourages the reader to engage in self-reflection in regards to their role and how families might perceive it. I t also racially breaks down ethnic diversity amongst American families. 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Genetic diversity, in a population, is the population contains most of one or more alternative forms of a gene that mutate at the same place on the chromosome (Paritsis). Furthermore, genetic diversity helps the population to adapt to the environment

Mental health - Care Programme Approach Free Essay Example, 1750 words

Risk management refers to a course that aims to diminish the chance of unfavorable occasions within the situation of general management of a person to arraign the best possible result and deliver affective, appropriate care (Langan 2004, p. 4). Risk management works with the process of risk assessment because risk assessment informs the necessity and the urgency of risk management. Risk assessment refers to the process of estimating the chances of an adverse event taking place under certain conditions within a time frame (DOH 2008, p. 31). Care Programme Approach incorporates the processes of risk assessment and management as an integral component of its practice. Care Programme Approach emphasizes that a highly skilled person should conduct the practice of risk assessment since the results obtained from the practice defines the urgency and magnitude of involvement in risk management (Tew 2011, p. 37). This programme supports risk management because mentally ill people pose considerable danger to themselves and to other people. This happens because people with a mental problem do not have a full command of their own mental faculties, and they are more susceptible to engage in self destructive behavior than sane people (Hall & Callaghan 2010, 97). We will write a custom essay sample on Mental health - Care Programme Approach or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The Care Programme Approach recognizes that poor risk management can result to safety concerns for patients and staffs since mentally ill people can cause injuries to others and to self (Langan 2004, p. 6). There is a serious concern to reduce the number of suicides, which result from mental illness, coupled with inaccurate risk management. However, a closer reflection on practice setting for the sick elderly brings ethical problems and emotional controversies due to the pathetic conditions that prevail some of these facilities (Department of Health 2008, 3). Nurses neglect the old people while others abuse them physically or emotionally because they are helpless. The strong smell of human urine hits a person’s nose anytime one comes to the apartments where these people sleep. However, there are few facilities that are well maintained (DOH 2008, p. 26). The Care Programme Approach has several components and principles that guide its practice, and act as reference points for individual staff evaluation and programme evaluation (Natalie 2010, p. 69). The components include inpatient and outpatient services for patient with mental problems, inter-agency linkages for patients who require different services from  several agencies and assessment risks.

Psychology of Sexuality Free Essays

string(131) " scarcity of ones depicting homosexual practices as well as paintings with heterosexual sex suggest they were equally commonplace\." Since the dawn of mankind, sexuality has played an enormous role in the complex social behaviors exhibited by our incredibly unique species. Sex contributes not only to reproduction, but also to relationships between people, cultural norms, and mental health. There are many important factors that contribute to sexuality; one of the most important factors is sex differentiation. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology of Sexuality or any similar topic only for you Order Now We can take this even further and look at reproductive anatomy and the differences between the male and female reproductive systems. Thus, this paper discusses the history of sex, male and female reproductive anatomy and physiology, and finally human sex differentiation. The history of sex is interesting especially because of the controversy over the length of the time span from whence it was recorded. John Gagnon argues that it was really the turn of the 19th century when sex research emerged. While many (if not all) of Sigmund Freud’s theories have been disproved by this point in time, he did hit on many major ideas about sexuality and was one of the first people to really think and talk publicly about it, as well as Havelock Ellis. Freudian theories were extremely influential in shaping future theories and research, even throughout the late 20th century. Another important player was Alfred Kinsey, who built upon previous researchers and made note of the social changes around the 1950s, in turn affecting policy, general attitudes towards sex, and future research. Winston Ehrmann agreed that the history of sexuality is quite a short field in his work â€Å"Some Knowns and Unknowns in Research into Human Sex Behavior,† arguing that and while there has been documentation about sexual behavior throughout history, a more scientific approach to sex only really begun since the late 19th Century. However, I would contest that it’s a distinction based more on a social construct of what constitutes a scientific study in Western society. For example, ancient Indian literature of the Kama Sutra can be said to have treated sex as a science, giving practical advice about sex as well as showing the various positions in detailed paintings. There is also detailed historical evidence of homosexual behavior among men in Ancient Greece. While Ehrmann may not have considered these sources scientific, I would argue that for their respective time periods, they were as scientific as could be expected. In fact, we can’t really judge whether something was â€Å"scientific† since what we consider scientific in a modern Western sense may be completely different from their nderstanding of scientific back in the days of Ancient India or Greece. For a perspective of the history of sexuality from around the globe, we go back further in time and look at eighteenth century England, as well as ancient African Bushmen. Hera Cook writes an article â€Å"Sexuality and Contraception in Modern England: Doing the History of Reprodu ctive Sexuality† in which she argues that historians have ignored reproduction as a factor relevant to and influencing sexual mores and change. Pregnancy, and the resulting child, is not only a physical demand and economic cost, but a health risk. Effective contraception was not available and alternative sexual practices were not acceptable substitutes for vaginal intercourse. While I agree with most of her arguments, I would contest her claim that many historians dismiss reproduction as a factor of changes in sexuality. In fact, the next article â€Å"The Century of Sex: Gender, Bodies, and Sexuality in the Long Eighteenth Century† by Karen Harvey discusses sexuality in England during the 1700s and does consider the effects of reproduction. Harvey argues that prior to the Eighteenth century, men and women were â€Å"placed on a vertical, hierarchical axis, in which their bodies were seen as two comparable variants of one kind† in a sort of â€Å"one-sex model† based on the four humors of different qualities – cold and moist, which dominated women, and hot and dry, which dominated men (Harvey, 2002, p. 901). Furthermore, they thought of sex organs as simply the reverse of one another; a vagina was like an inside-out penis, the labia corresponded to the foreskin, etc. However, towards the eighteenth century, there was a shift in the understanding of bodies towards a two-sex model. Anatomical differences were stressed and their bodies were regarded as qualitatively distinct. While previously the female orgasm was previously thought to have importance for conception, it was ultimately deemed unnecessary. Women were reimagined from â€Å"lascivious and lustful creatures† to having no sexual needs whatsoever (Harvey, 2002, p. 903). Homosexuality was highly frowned upon and considered perverse and sodomy. On the other hand, a certain ancient African Bushmen tribe had a much more egalitarian view on sexual behavior and gender differences. Marc Epprecht discusses the history of the zvidoma, the orginal inhabitants of Zimbabwe in his book â€Å"Hungochani: The History of a Dissident Sexuality in Southern Africa. † Epprecht notes that these ancient Bushmen were hunters and gatherers using Stone Age weapons and tools comprising a classless communitarian society with no concept of individual ownership or property. Decisions were made by group consensus, and this included females; uncommon for that time. While there was a clear gender division of labour, the zvidoma were closer to egalitarian than any other culture in ancient African history. Not only did they traditionally marry monogamously, but women could divorce relatively easily and retain rights to sexual autonomy. Depictions of women’s genitals in cave paintings suggest â€Å"a source of vital, mystical energy at least on par with men’s† (Epprecht, 2004, p. 25). Because of their limited geographical area as well as their method of hunting and gathering, they had to be careful to avoid overpopulation. During times of hunger, they practiced sexual restraint and possibly infanticide. Furthermore, there is a rock painting at least 2000 years old depicting three males engaged in anal intercourse as well as two male couples, one embracing face to face and the other also engaging in anal sex with an overly large emphasized erect penis. There are not many paintings depicting sexual practice, but the relative scarcity of ones depicting homosexual practices as well as paintings with heterosexual sex suggest they were equally commonplace. You read "Psychology of Sexuality" in category "Papers" While the history of sexuality gives us a good basis on which to study the psychology of sexuality, some would argue this basis is biased toward differentiation. Merry Wiesner-Hanks argues that women’s and gender history over the last few decades has spent too much time on divergence, making more and more complex categories of difference over sexual orientation, marital status, able-bodiedness, gender relations, etc. However, I argue that it is necessary to study these differences in order to properly ascertain similarities and relations between the sexes. First and foremost we will discuss the biological and anatomical differences between the genders, then later human sex differentiation in a broader, more psychological and social construct. Historically, fixing sexual types became popular in the eighteenth century, according to Londa Schiebinger in â€Å"The anatomy of difference: race and sex in eighteenth-century science. † It was a great age of classification. Just as natural historians flooded Europe with new strange flora and fauna from the New World, new cultures were being discovered in America. Thus they sought new and simple principles that would hold universally, and tried to define the genders. This set the stage for genders to be divided in an evolutionary context. Judith Lipton and David Barash posit in â€Å"Gender Gap: The Biology of Male-Female Differences,† that biological differences between men and women have a strong and direct correlation with evolution. They argue that we can look to other species to learn more about ourselves. Just as scientists look at E. Coli to study the replication of DNA, we can look at other living creatures and see our sex differences mirrored there within. However, Katarina Hamberg challenges that argument. She thinks that using sex differences seen in biological experiments on animals to explain gender differences in humans is ridiculous. I agree with her that this is completely unscientific. Gender differences as well as gender itself varies greatly between species. In fact, in many species the female is bigger than the male. Furthermore, she is often stronger and will sometimes consume the male after sex in order to give strength to her developing babies, as with many arachnids and some insects. Therefore we can hardly compare studies on animals to human sex differences, though we can certainly look at the differences and ponder the implications. Hamberg also argues that throughout history, biological arguments have been used in order to legitimize a social gender order characterized by male supremacy. This is more problematic, for while men are physically stronger and bigger than women, they are certainly not more intelligent nor are they naturally more disposed to leadership. In fact, some studies have shown that women possess more of the skills necessary to lead well and do better academically. The male and female orgasms are an important biological distinction in a reproductive, evolutionary, and social context. In â€Å"Why Women Have Orgasms: An Evolutionary Analysis† by David Puts, Khytam Dawood and Lisa Welling, the evolutionary adaptation of the female orgasm and its purpose is discussed. There are two possible likely hypotheses; firstly the mate-choice hypothesis which holds that female orgasm has â€Å"evolved to function in mate selection† and secondly the byproduct hypothesis which asserts that the female orgasm in fact has no evolutionary purpose and rather exists because women and men share early ontogeny with men. They found the first hypothesis to be more likely, which seems the case to me as well. Another article â€Å"Women Who Prefer Longer Penises Are More Likely to Have Vaginal Orgasms (but Not Clitoral Orgasms)† discussed vaginal versus clitoral orgasms and the evolutionary implications. Their method was to have over three hundred women report in an online survey; however, people may not always be truthful in surveys, especially those discussing sensitive matters like sex, therein lies a possible problem with their study. They were able to find a positive association between likelihood of orgasm with a longer penis and vaginal orgasm frequency. Finally â€Å"Human Sperm Competition† discussed the concept of sperm competition, the competitive process between spermatozoa of two or more different males to fertilize an egg of a lone female. They were looking into the claim that sperm competition has an effect on mate selection in humans. This study also involved the use of a survey with approximately 400 men and women. The results of the survey showed that sperm competition was most likely not a huge factor in mate selection. On the other hand, perhaps this is something that evolved recently since nowadays there are many options for couples who have trouble conceiving such as adoption, artificial insemination, use of surrogates, etc. thus the ability to conceive a child naturally is not as important in mate selection now as it may have been earlier in human evolution. Contributing to sex differences such as these is different concentrations of steroids and hormones delivered to the fetus, which can have lasting effects throughout a person’s life. After looking at sex differentiation in a biological context, we must consider how and why females and males differ in behavior, psychology, genetics, and pathology? Certainly, it has long been posited that there is a divide in spatial abilities. Patricia Gilmartin and Jeffrey Patton assess this in â€Å"Comparing the Sexes on Spatial Abilities: Map-Use Skills. † They suggest that males are more proficient than females in many types of spatial tasks. Furthermore, they found these differences were greater in childhood, especially in relation to maps, geography, and navigation based tasks. Among college students, these differences in map-use and navigation were negligible. I would have liked to see them look into the concept of men preferring not to ask for directions or use a GPS to navigate – a long standing gender joke, but possibly true. Certainly this has proved true in my experience driving with my male family members and friends. However, I would posit that it varies culturally, for example in respect to Japanese people who don’t have this social construct of men not asking for directions. Another dimension on which genders vary is leadership. Cheryl de la Rey argues in â€Å"Gender, Women and Leadership† that the question is not only whether genders vary in leadership ability and skills, but whether they vary in leadership styles as well. These differences in leadership style, she posits, are not reducible to biological differences, nor can they be adequately explained by socialization and sex roles. Rather, it’s about how gendered behaviors become more dominant within organizational contexts that are masculinized. This leads to the hindrance of women’s access to leadership positions via discrimination and stereotyping. Part of the problem is that people need mentors to move up in the business world, but since most of the people in high ranking positions are men, and close relationships between men and women in the workplace may be frowned up, it can be hard for a woman to find a mentor. Sebastian Schuh notes that women are still underrepresented in leadership roles, but he has different ideas about why. He thinks it’s because women consistently report lower power motivation than men. While this may be a piece of the puzzle, I don’t think he addresses the full picture very well. In addition to differences in leadership, men and women vary on the axis of sexuality and attitudes towards sex. Jennifer Petersen and Janet Hyde’s meta-analysis on research of gender differences revealed that although men indicated somewhat more sexual experience and permissive attitudes, there were exceedingly minimal gender differences in sexual attitudes and behaviors. Furthermore, these differences decreased with age. However, I think he glosses over many of differences. There are subtleties to it that must be considered. In â€Å"The Orthodox View of Brain Sexual Differentiation† Marc Breedlove, Bradley Cooke, and Cynthia Jordan discuss how the standard view of sexual differentiation of the brain, which is chiefly resulting from work with mammals, oversimplifies a vastly complex process of mechanisms derived through natural selection. The spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) plays an important role in all this with a complex system. It was interesting to see how social factors could take an effect and how plastic and ever-evolving this system could be. One thing is clear from this reading; this SNB system is more multifaceted than previously thought and may be changing well into adulthood. As far as gender differences in aggression, I was not surprised to learn that men are more likely to be engaged in violence than women. Both from personal experience and cultural norms, that seems to fit the model. However, it was interesting to learn that the primary reason for male aggression is mate competition. From a personal standpoint, I don’t find a violent man liable to get into fights more attractive. I’ve certainly seen the type more than once at a bar, or on the streets, and my first instinct is to remove myself from his company and immediate area. On the contrary, that would be a shortcoming. However, from an evolutionary perspective it makes more sense as to protection and fighting for territory. Though there has been much study on the history of sex, biological and anatomical sex differences and social, sexual, and psychological implications of gender differences, psychology of sexuality is a field that is ever-growing and expanding as studies become more daring and social constructs allow for more experimentation and study. Hopefully in the next century, we will see new research leading to greater understanding of gender and sex. References Ainsworth, S. E. , Maner, J. K. (2012). Sex begets violence: Mating motives, social dominance, and physical aggression in men. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(5), 819-829. Barash, D. P. , Lipton, J. E. (2002). Gender gap: the biology of male-female differences. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. Breedlove, M. , Cooke, B. M. , Jordan, C. L. (1999). The orthodox view of brain sexual differentiation. Brain, Behavior, and Evolution, 54, 8-14. Cook, H. 2007). Sexuality and Contraception in Modern England: Doing the History of Reproductive Sexuality. Journal of Social History, 40(4), 915-932. Costa, R. M. , Miller, G. F. , Brody, S. (2012). Women who prefer longer penises are more likely to have vaginal orgasms (but not clitoral orgasms): Implications for an evolutionary theory of vaginal orgasm. International Society for Sexual Medicine, 9, 3 079-3088. La Rey, C. D. (2005). Gender, women, and leadership. Agenda, 65, 4-11. Ehrmann, W. (1957). Some knowns and unknowns in research into human sex behavior. Marriage and Family Living, 1, 16-24. Epprecht, M. (2004). 1. Hungochani: The History of a Dissident Sexuality in Southern Africa (pp. 25-49). Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press. Gagnon, J. H. (1975). Sex research and social change. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 4(2), 111-141. Gilmartin, P. P. , ; Patton, J. C. (1984). Comparing the sexes on spatial abilities: map-use skills. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 74(4), 605-619. Hamberg, K. (2005). Biology, Gender and Behaviour. A Critical Discussion of the Biological Models used for Explaining Cognitive and Behavioural Gender Differences . Psychology of Gender Identity (pp. 127-144). Social Science: Nova Publishers. Harvey, K. (2002). The century of sex? Gender, bodies, and sexuality in the long eighteenth century. The Historical Journal, 45(4), 899-916. Petersen, J. L. , ; Hyde, J. S. (2010). A meta-analytic review of research on gender differences in sexuality. Psychological Bulletin, 136(1), 21-38. Puts, D. A. , Dawood, K. , ; Welling, L. L. (2012). Why women have orgasms: an evolutionary analysis. Arch Sex Behavior, 41, 1127-1143. Schiebinger, L. (1990). The anatomy of difference: race and sex in eighteenth-century science. Eighteenth-Century Studies, 23(4), 387-405. Schuh, S. (2013). Gender differences in leadership role occupancy : The mediating role of power motivation. Journal of Business Ethics, 112(517), 34-78. Simmons, L. W. , Firman, R. C. , Rhones, G. , ; Peters, M. (2004). Human sperm competition: testis size, sperm production and rates of extrapair copulations. Animal Behavior, 68, 297-302. Wiesner-Hanks, M. (2007). World history and the history of women, gender, and sexuality. Journal of World History, 18(1), 53-67. How to cite Psychology of Sexuality, Papers

Deaf Culture and Alcoholism Essay Example For Students

Deaf Culture and Alcoholism Essay Why is it so hard for the deaf to deal with admitting they are alcoholics or drug addicts which is an impediment for recovery? Why is it so hard for them to stay sober once they have achieved it for a few weeks or months?What do you think the main reasons are? Having worked with the deaf for over 30 years I will try to answer these questions and research other aspects of the deaf culture, their mode of communication and alcoholism.Although it may seem that communication is an aspect of every culture, two of the unique features are that there is not always a common language between parents and child, and there is no written form of the language. Thus, the deaf culture becomes unique, and through this uniqueness, they become isolated both from their peers and the hearing population. According to Marie Egert Rendon in her article, Deaf and Alcohol and Substance Abuse Substance abuse is a sensitive issue about which the deaf community does not yet feel comfortable talking. For many with in the community, it remains a moral issue; the denial of pathological drinking is very strong. (Rendon, 1992)Isolation is a well-known stressor and the denial of alcohol use in the family unit has long existed in the deaf community. The family structures and the cohesiveness of the family in their form of communications is a factor that must be considered. The deaf have had limited or strained access to their own cultural rights. They have been denied the right to their own language, their own community groups, and even have limited access to the majority culture because of communication barriers. Because of the sense of oppression, isolation has perpetuated the denial process. In addition, language, family, friendships, and services available to the deaf culture and native langua ge have many innuendoes. Since the deaf culture is built around the language that the deaf people use- American Sign Language (ASL)- the culture is rarely accessible to the hearing world, due to the difficulty of mastering ASL. (Rendon, 1992)Family communication includes several dimensions, among them the mode, content and structure of communication. Mode of communication is frequently raised in discussions about communication within families having a deaf member. Communication mode use refers to the use of speech, sign, or some other method of face- to-face communication. (Kluwin, 1990)Because of these barriers and other misunderstandings, alcohol and drug recovery treatment programs remain inaccessible. In addition to the recognition of communication difficulties, alcohol and drug service providers need to be acknowledgeable about deaf cultures, sensitive to the deaf issues, and aware of preferred methods of communication, including the use of interpreters, both in treatment programs and in recovery groups . (Luetke-Stahlman, 1994)One of the biggest problems is that the deaf do not have sobriety long enough to be of help to other deaf people. Although that is beginning to change most are still dependent on the hearing to a degree. As the years go on the length of sobriety continues to grow. The problem of alcohol and substance abuse in the deaf community is a reality. The culture of the deaf often provides a shelter and a barrier to recovery by encouraging isolation and denial. Little by little, information and education are bringing members of the deaf community into treatment programs and, thus, the cycle of repeated alcoholism can be broken. There are treatment programs that are specifically designed to serve the deaf, and there are programs that have some services for the deaf. However, this breaking down of the isolation and denial barriers requires continued efforts on behalf of a community already stretched to its limits. The deaf alcoholic or drug-addicted individual can achieve recovery only when advocacy promoting and achieving accessibility is the reality and not the rarity. When the deaf community openly admits that regardless of culture, race, or creed, alcoholism and drug abuse affects all cultures and that recovery is a right for everyone. It is not a sti gma, and it is definitely not a moral issue. This is a lesson we need to be aware of and be of service to the deaf population. There are many more AA groups in the greater Los Angeles area today than ever before. The deaf community is still somewhat untrusting of the hearing community even in the closeness of the Alcoholic Anonymous home groups. It has been my experience that the deaf meeting that have been held for the deaf only have not faired as well as the meeting with more sobriety and with a regular ASL interpreter. There are still not enough meetings as the hearing, but great improvements are being made. .ud35c99c9239ea67b683f8b5a1aaf7f50 , .ud35c99c9239ea67b683f8b5a1aaf7f50 .postImageUrl , .ud35c99c9239ea67b683f8b5a1aaf7f50 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud35c99c9239ea67b683f8b5a1aaf7f50 , .ud35c99c9239ea67b683f8b5a1aaf7f50:hover , .ud35c99c9239ea67b683f8b5a1aaf7f50:visited , .ud35c99c9239ea67b683f8b5a1aaf7f50:active { border:0!important; } .ud35c99c9239ea67b683f8b5a1aaf7f50 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud35c99c9239ea67b683f8b5a1aaf7f50 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud35c99c9239ea67b683f8b5a1aaf7f50:active , .ud35c99c9239ea67b683f8b5a1aaf7f50:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud35c99c9239ea67b683f8b5a1aaf7f50 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud35c99c9239ea67b683f8b5a1aaf7f50 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud35c99c9239ea67b683f8b5a1aaf7f50 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud35c99c9239ea67b683f8b5a1aaf7f50 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud35c99c9239ea67b683f8b5a1aaf7f50:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud35c99c9239ea67b683f8b5a1aaf7f50 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud35c99c9239ea67b683f8b5a1aaf7f50 .ud35c99c9239ea67b683f8b5a1aaf7f50-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud35c99c9239ea67b683f8b5a1aaf7f50:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: ENG 100 Pre-Lab #4 Operational Amplifiers as Buffe EssayBibliography:References:Rendon, M., (1992) Deaf Culture and Alcohol and Substance Abuse. Journal of Substance Abuse. Vol. 9, pp. 103-110 Kluwin, T., (1990) Communication in Fostering Cohesion in Families with the Deaf. Journal of American Annals of the Deaf. Vol. 139, No. 3 Luetke-Stahlman, B. (1994) Social Interactions with Regard to Students who are Deaf. Journal of the American Annals of the Deaf. Vol. 140, No. 3Duff, J., (1981) The Truth About Drugs. Los Angeles, California: Bridge Publications, Inc.